PE-1300 Radio-and Photometry of Light

PE-1100 LED and Diodelaser

Nick Holonyak developed the first practical LED in 1962. When electrically biased in the forward direction, an LED is able to emit light through [...]

PE-1000 CCD Camera & Night Vision

The principle of creating an image  through projection on a surface is known since ancient times. Aristotle observed images of the sun through holes generated by [...]

PE-0900 Diffraction Grating

Joseph von Fraunhofer, the investigator of the solar lines, invented the diffraction grating in 1821. This optical element showed a much higher dispersion than any [...]

PE-0800 Holography

In 1948 – before the era of lasers – Denis Gabor developed the transmission holography technique and took the first real holograms. For the invention of [...]

PE-0700 Abbe Refractometer

Ernst Abbe was not the first and not the only scientist who developed a convenient refractometer, but his refractometer is – in several varied and updated versions [...]